1) The document discusses the rise of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks like Napster in the late 1990s/early 2000s, which allowed users to easily share and copy music files. 2) The recording industry saw this as a threat and sued Napster for copyright infringement, eventually shutting it down. However, new decentralized P2P networks like Gnutella emerged. 3) While P2P networks provide benefits to consumers and could be profitable if legal, the major Hollywood studios have resisted embracing digital distribution and instead promote centralized, licensed services to maintain existing business models.

1. Hollywood VS the Internet: the media and entertainment industries in a digital and networked economy

2. P2P file sharing (peer-to-peer) computer on a P2P network becomes a file server as well as a client. DRM digital rights management (DRM) software technology P2P file sharing can actually be harnessed into a legalized and secue form. Centralized server-based service model. Decentralized model

3. Napster Shawn Fanning This technology allowed people to copy and distribute mp3 files amongst each other . 60 million users

4. Napster/mp3 up-to-date MP3 files were difficult to find. created direct peer-to-peer access between clients

5. The lawsuit recording labels and studios felt that this so-called music sharing application was violating copyright laws. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sued Napster in December of 1999 Napster stopped operation in July 2001

6. Gnutella Napster paved the way for decentralized peer-to-peer file sharing networks, many new P2P networks emerged, such as Gnutella, eDonkey2000 and Bit Torrent. There are also two big differences between Gnutella and the old Napster: no central database. many different client applications

7. Record labels and studios criminalize file sharing and argues that p2p file sharing is morally wrong and economically damaging to creative industries. The discourse is rooted in the language of piracy,physical property and theft(vaidhyanathan,2001)

8. P2p file sharing VS physical piracy

9. Benefits of legal p2p file sharing Fire sharing over the internet has considerable commercial promise for all copyright owners 1 more cost-efficient for storing and delivering large digital files 2 marginal costs of distribution are zero. 3 encourage users to be “citizens" rather than “leeches” 50% of the shared content is supplied by only 1% of users (Leyshon,2004;Oberholzer and Strumpf,2004) 4 enables content to be released in multiple formats and versions across regionally segmented markets.

10. The growth of file sharing does not mean that more consumers are developing criminal or pirate tendencies, rather, it is reflective of a broader cultural and economic shift, which is profoundly changing the way we produce, distribute and consume creative works in a digital form (currah.2006) In a legalized form, p2p file sharing networks provide a powerful and potentially lucrative outlet for digital commodities.

11. Hollywood VS P2P file sharing

12. US film industry US film industry dominated by 6 Hollywood studios, (based in los Angeles), which account for over 90% revenues. Oligopolistic industry---mature and concentrated

13. DVD VS P2P Since the late 1990s,the DVD,has become the keystone of studio economics. $15 billion revenue stream currently generated by sales of DVDS in the US each year. The studios limits the Internet to the pay-per-view window rather than digital sales. Digital sale=higher profit margins

15. Digital sales would provide the studios with higer profit margins than current DVD sales.

17. Movie Link Movielink is a web-based video on demand (VOD) and electronic sell-through (EST) service offering movies, TV shows and other videos for rental or purchase. First available on November 11, 2002, While it was only available to users in the United States, it was the first company in the world to offer legally downloadable movies from major studios.

18. Roxio CinemaNow CinemaNow is an Internet-based digital video distribution company founded in 1999.

19. Why? Why they protect a mature but lower margin market which is actually exhibiting signs of slow down? The behavior of studios is constrained by the underlying structure of the industry, which consists of myriad vested interests and sunk costs(Clark 1994;schoenberger,1997)

20. Understanding the strategic behavior of the Hollywood studios Investigating and clearing the appropriate distribution rights is costly barrier studio operate in large publicly traded company, they do not want to pursue any strategy that could endanger that lucrative empire. The power of vested interests The risk-averse nature of executive behaviour

21. in the short term----minimize risk and maximize earnings in the long-term---it is potentially damaging to consumers, creators and even the oligopoly Some form of state intervention may well be required to legalize and institutionalize the potential of p2p file sharing. conclusion

22. Steal This Film Steal This Film is a film series documenting the movement against intellectual property produced by The League of Noble Peers

23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htOudt9zFQY&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjydSxL6dsc&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFLz3cWdUXI&feature=related

24. Thanks for your attention!

25. References: Clark,G.L.(1994)strategy and structure:corporate restructuring and the scope and characteristic of sunk costs.Environment and Planning A,26:9-32 Leyshon,A.(2004) Scary monsters? Free software,pere-to-pere networks and the spectre of the gift,Environment and Planing D:Society and space.21:533-558 Oberholzer,F., Strumpf,K.(2004)The effect of file sharing on record sales:an empirical Analysis.Cambridge,MA:Harvard Business School Schoenberger,E.(1997) The cultural crisis of the firm.Oxford:Blackwell. Vaidhyanathan,S.(2001) Copyrights and copywrongs:the rise of intellectual property and how it threats creativity,New York:New York University Press Currah,A.(2006)Hollywood versus the Internet:the media and entertainment industried in a digital and networked economy.Adanced Access Menta, Richard (December 9, 1999). "RIAA Sues Music Startup Napster for $20 Billion". MP3 Newswire. Scott,A.J.(2003) A new map of Hollywood:the production and distribution of American motion pictures.Regional Studios Stigler,G.j.(1964) A theroy of oligopoly behaviour. In R.Schmalensee and R.D. Willig (eds) Handbook of Industry Organizaiong North Holland:Amsterdam